LaunchPad for The Bedford Handbook
Ninth Edition ©2014
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Use a handbook, start a habit.
PACKAGE THIS TITLE WITH OUR 2016 MLA SUPPLEMENT,
(package ISBN-13: 9781319085483). Get the most recent updates on MLA citation in a convenient, 40-page resource based on The MLA Handbook, 8th Edition, with plenty of models. Browse our catalog or contact your representative for a full listing of updated titles and packages, or to request a custom ISBN. What habits are common among good college writers? Good college writers are curious, engaged, reflective, and responsible. They read critically. They write with purpose. They tune into their audience. They collaborate and seek feedback. They know credible evidence makes them credible researchers. They revise. The Bedford Handbook, based on surveys with more than 1,000 first-year college students, fosters these habits and offers more support than ever before for college reading and writing. New writing guides support students as they compose in an ever-wider variety of genres, including multimodal genres. New reading support encourages students to become active readers. Retooled research advice emphasizes inquiry and helps writers cite even the trickiest digital sources confidently and responsibly. Best of all, the Handbook remains a trusted companion for students because it is accessible, comprehensive, and authoritative. Instructors benefit, too: A substantially revised Instructor’s Edition includes Nancy Sommers’s personal mentoring—more than 100 new concrete tips for teaching with the handbook. Finally, integrated digital content is easily assignable and helps students practice and apply the handbook’s lessons."I encourage the use of The Bedford Handbook as a ‘go to’ resource for every step of the writing process and for every writing experience a student is facing, even beyond the English classroom."—Marsha Cline, Central New Mexico Community College"Having integrated print and digital content will engage students."—Regina Dilgen, Palm Beach State College"There is useful material in the handbook for all my courses, not just English. I’m a psychology major, and we use APA style, so I do expect to use the book throughout college."—Jacquethia Robinson, Student, Georgia Gwinnet College
Digital Options
Table of Contents
LC = LearningCurve
Preface for Instructors
Introduction: Becoming a College Writer
Introduction: Becoming a College Writer
Part I The Writing Process
1 Exploring, planning, and drafting [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Choose topics you care about
a Assessing the writing situation
b Exploring your subject
c Drafting and revising a working thesis
d Drafting a plan
e Drafting an introduction
f Drafting the body
g Drafting a conclusion
h Managing your files
2 Revising, editing, and reflecting [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Form a community of readers around you
a Revising with comments
b Approaching global revision in cycles
c Revising and editing sentences; proofreading a final draft
d Student writing: Literacy narrative
Writing guide: Literacy narrative
e Preparing a portfolio; reflecting on your writing
Writing guide: Reflective opening statement for a portfolio
3 Building effective paragraphs [e-Pages]
a Focusing on a main point
b Developing the main point
c Choosing a suitable pattern of organization
d Making paragraphs coherent
e Adjusting paragraph length
Part II Academic Reading and Writing
4 Reading and writing critically [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Engage with the texts you read
a Reading actively
b Outlining a text to identify main ideas
c Summarizing to deepen your understanding
d Analyzing to demonstrate your critical reading
e Sample student essay: Analysis of an article
Writing Guide: Analyzing a written text
5 Reading and writing about images and multimodal texts [e-Pages]
a Reading actively
b Outlining to identify main ideas
c Summarizing to deepen your understanding
d Analyzing to demonstrate your critical reading
e Sample student essay: Analysis of an advertisement
6 Reading and writing arguments [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer
a Distinguishing between reasonable and fallacious argumentative tactics
b Distinguishing between legitimate and unfair emotional appeals
c Judging how fairly a writer handles opposing views
d Identifying your purpose and context
e Viewing your audience as a panel of jurors
f Establishing credibility and stating your position
g Backing up your thesis with persuasive lines of argument
h Supporting your claims with specific evidence
i Anticipating objections; countering opposing arguments
j Building common ground
k Sample argument paper
Writing Guide: Constructing an argument
7 Reading and writing about literature [e-Pages]
a Reading actively
b Forming an interpretation
c Drafting a working thesis
d Using evidence from the text; avoiding plot summary
e Observing the conventions of literature papers
f Integrating quotations from the text
g Documenting secondary sources and avoiding plagiarism
h Sample student essays
1 Exploring, planning, and drafting [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Choose topics you care about
a Assessing the writing situation
b Exploring your subject
c Drafting and revising a working thesis
d Drafting a plan
e Drafting an introduction
f Drafting the body
g Drafting a conclusion
h Managing your files
2 Revising, editing, and reflecting [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Form a community of readers around you
a Revising with comments
b Approaching global revision in cycles
c Revising and editing sentences; proofreading a final draft
d Student writing: Literacy narrative
Writing guide: Literacy narrative
e Preparing a portfolio; reflecting on your writing
Writing guide: Reflective opening statement for a portfolio
3 Building effective paragraphs [e-Pages]
a Focusing on a main point
b Developing the main point
c Choosing a suitable pattern of organization
d Making paragraphs coherent
e Adjusting paragraph length
Part II Academic Reading and Writing
4 Reading and writing critically [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Engage with the texts you read
a Reading actively
b Outlining a text to identify main ideas
c Summarizing to deepen your understanding
d Analyzing to demonstrate your critical reading
e Sample student essay: Analysis of an article
Writing Guide: Analyzing a written text
5 Reading and writing about images and multimodal texts [e-Pages]
a Reading actively
b Outlining to identify main ideas
c Summarizing to deepen your understanding
d Analyzing to demonstrate your critical reading
e Sample student essay: Analysis of an advertisement
6 Reading and writing arguments [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer
a Distinguishing between reasonable and fallacious argumentative tactics
b Distinguishing between legitimate and unfair emotional appeals
c Judging how fairly a writer handles opposing views
d Identifying your purpose and context
e Viewing your audience as a panel of jurors
f Establishing credibility and stating your position
g Backing up your thesis with persuasive lines of argument
h Supporting your claims with specific evidence
i Anticipating objections; countering opposing arguments
j Building common ground
k Sample argument paper
Writing Guide: Constructing an argument
7 Reading and writing about literature [e-Pages]
a Reading actively
b Forming an interpretation
c Drafting a working thesis
d Using evidence from the text; avoiding plot summary
e Observing the conventions of literature papers
f Integrating quotations from the text
g Documenting secondary sources and avoiding plagiarism
h Sample student essays
ANALYSIS with a primary source and secondary sources
Part III Clear Sentences
8 Prefer active verbs. [e-Pages, LC]
a Active versus passive verbs
b Active versus be verbs
c Subject that names the actor
9 Balance parallel ideas. [e-Pages, LC]
a Parallel ideas in a series
b Parallel ideas presented as pairs
c Repetition of function words
10 Add needed words.
a In compound structures
b that
c In comparisons
d a, an, and the
11 Untangle mixed constructions.
a Mixed grammar
b Illogical connections
c is when, is where, and reason . . . is because
12 Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers. [e-Pages]
a Limiting modifiers
b Misplaced phrases and clauses
c Awkwardly placed modifiers
d Split infinitives
e Dangling modifiers
13 Eliminate distracting shifts. [e-Pages, LC]
8 Prefer active verbs. [e-Pages, LC]
a Active versus passive verbs
b Active versus be verbs
c Subject that names the actor
9 Balance parallel ideas. [e-Pages, LC]
a Parallel ideas in a series
b Parallel ideas presented as pairs
c Repetition of function words
10 Add needed words.
a In compound structures
b that
c In comparisons
d a, an, and the
11 Untangle mixed constructions.
a Mixed grammar
b Illogical connections
c is when, is where, and reason . . . is because
12 Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers. [e-Pages]
a Limiting modifiers
b Misplaced phrases and clauses
c Awkwardly placed modifiers
d Split infinitives
e Dangling modifiers
13 Eliminate distracting shifts. [e-Pages, LC]
a Point of view (person, number)
b Verb tense
c Verb mood, voice
d Indirect to direct questions or quotations
14 Emphasize key ideas. [e-Pages]
a Coordination and subordination
b Choppy sentences
c Ineffective or excessive coordination
d Ineffective subordination
e Excessive subordination
f Other techniques
15 Provide some variety. [e-Pages]
a Sentence openings
b Sentence structures
c Inverted order
d Question or quotation
b Verb tense
c Verb mood, voice
d Indirect to direct questions or quotations
14 Emphasize key ideas. [e-Pages]
a Coordination and subordination
b Choppy sentences
c Ineffective or excessive coordination
d Ineffective subordination
e Excessive subordination
f Other techniques
15 Provide some variety. [e-Pages]
a Sentence openings
b Sentence structures
c Inverted order
d Question or quotation
Part IV Word Choice
16 Tighten wordy sentences. [e-Pages, LC]
a Redundancies
b Unnecessary repetition
c Empty or inflated phrases
d Simplifying the structure
e Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words
17 Choose appropriate language. [e-Pages, LC]
a Jargon
b Pretentious language, euphemisms, “doublespeak”
c Obsolete and invented words
d Slang, regional expressions, nonstandard English
e Levels of formality
f Sexist language
g Offensive language
18 Find the exact words. [e-Pages, LC]
a Connotations
b Specific, concrete nouns
c Misused words
d Standard idioms
e Clichés
f Figures of speech
16 Tighten wordy sentences. [e-Pages, LC]
a Redundancies
b Unnecessary repetition
c Empty or inflated phrases
d Simplifying the structure
e Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words
17 Choose appropriate language. [e-Pages, LC]
a Jargon
b Pretentious language, euphemisms, “doublespeak”
c Obsolete and invented words
d Slang, regional expressions, nonstandard English
e Levels of formality
f Sexist language
g Offensive language
18 Find the exact words. [e-Pages, LC]
a Connotations
b Specific, concrete nouns
c Misused words
d Standard idioms
e Clichés
f Figures of speech
Part V Grammatical Sentences
19 Repair sentence fragments. [e-Pages, LC]
a Subordinate clauses
b Phrases
c Other fragmented word groups
d Acceptable fragments
20 Revise run-on sentences. [e-Pages, LC]
19 Repair sentence fragments. [e-Pages, LC]
a Subordinate clauses
b Phrases
c Other fragmented word groups
d Acceptable fragments
20 Revise run-on sentences. [e-Pages, LC]
a Correction with coordinating conjunction
b Correction with semicolon, colon, or dash
c Correction by separating sentences
d Correction by restructuring
21 Make subjects and verbs agree. [e-Pages, LC]
b Correction with semicolon, colon, or dash
c Correction by separating sentences
d Correction by restructuring
21 Make subjects and verbs agree. [e-Pages, LC]
a Standard subject-verb combinations
b Words between subject and verb
c Subjects joined with and
d Subjects joined with or, nor, either . . . or, or neither . . . nor
e Indefinite pronouns
f Collective nouns
g Subject following verb
h Subject, not subject complement
i who, which, and that
j Words with plural form, singular meaning
k Titles of works, company names, words mentioned as words, gerund phrases
22 Make pronouns and antecedents agree. [e-Pages, LC]
b Words between subject and verb
c Subjects joined with and
d Subjects joined with or, nor, either . . . or, or neither . . . nor
e Indefinite pronouns
f Collective nouns
g Subject following verb
h Subject, not subject complement
i who, which, and that
j Words with plural form, singular meaning
k Titles of works, company names, words mentioned as words, gerund phrases
22 Make pronouns and antecedents agree. [e-Pages, LC]
a Singular with singular, plural with plural (indefinite pronouns, generic nouns)
b Collective nouns
c Antecedents joined with and
d Antecedents joined with or, nor, either . . or, or neither . . . nor
23 Make pronoun references clear. [e-Pages, LC]
a Ambiguous or remote reference
b Broad reference of this, that, which, and it
c Implied antecedents
d Indefinite use of they, it, and you
e who for persons, which or that for things
24 Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me. [e-Pages]
a Subjective case for subjects and subject complements
b Objective case for objects
c Appositives
d Pronoun following than or as
e we or us before a noun
f ubjects and objects of infinitives
g Pronoun modifying a gerund
25 Distinguish between who and whom. [e-Pages]
a In subordinate clauses
b In questions
c As subjects or objects of infinitives
26 Choose adjectives and adverbs with care. [e-Pages]
a Adjectives to modify nouns
b Adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
c good and well, bad and badly
d Comparatives and superlatives
e Double negatives
27 Choose appropriate verb forms, tenses, and moods in standard English. [e-Pages, LC]
a Irregular verbs
b lie and lay
c -s (or -es) endings
d -ed endings
e Omitted verbs
f Verb tense
g Subjunctive mood
b Collective nouns
c Antecedents joined with and
d Antecedents joined with or, nor, either . . or, or neither . . . nor
23 Make pronoun references clear. [e-Pages, LC]
a Ambiguous or remote reference
b Broad reference of this, that, which, and it
c Implied antecedents
d Indefinite use of they, it, and you
e who for persons, which or that for things
24 Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me. [e-Pages]
a Subjective case for subjects and subject complements
b Objective case for objects
c Appositives
d Pronoun following than or as
e we or us before a noun
f ubjects and objects of infinitives
g Pronoun modifying a gerund
25 Distinguish between who and whom. [e-Pages]
a In subordinate clauses
b In questions
c As subjects or objects of infinitives
26 Choose adjectives and adverbs with care. [e-Pages]
a Adjectives to modify nouns
b Adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
c good and well, bad and badly
d Comparatives and superlatives
e Double negatives
27 Choose appropriate verb forms, tenses, and moods in standard English. [e-Pages, LC]
a Irregular verbs
b lie and lay
c -s (or -es) endings
d -ed endings
e Omitted verbs
f Verb tense
g Subjunctive mood
Part VI Multilingual Writers and ESL Challenges
28 Verbs [e-Pages, LC]
a Appropriate form and tense
b Passive voice
c Base form after a modal
d Negative verb forms
e Verbs in conditional sentences
f Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
29 Articles [e-Pages, LC]
a Articles and other noun markers
b When to use the
c When to use a or an
d When not to use a or an
e No articles with general nouns
f Articles with proper nouns
30 Sentence structure [e-Pages, LC]
a Linking verb between a subject and its complement
b A subject in every sentence
c Repeated nouns or pronouns with the same grammatical function
d Repeated objects, adverbs in adjective clauses
e Mixed constructions with although or because
f Placement of adverbs
g Present participles and past participles
h Order of cumulative adjectives
31 Prepositions and idiomatic expressions [e-Pages]
a Prepositions showing time and place
b Noun (including -ing form) after a preposition
c Common adjective + preposition combinations
d Common verb + preposition combinations
28 Verbs [e-Pages, LC]
a Appropriate form and tense
b Passive voice
c Base form after a modal
d Negative verb forms
e Verbs in conditional sentences
f Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
29 Articles [e-Pages, LC]
a Articles and other noun markers
b When to use the
c When to use a or an
d When not to use a or an
e No articles with general nouns
f Articles with proper nouns
30 Sentence structure [e-Pages, LC]
a Linking verb between a subject and its complement
b A subject in every sentence
c Repeated nouns or pronouns with the same grammatical function
d Repeated objects, adverbs in adjective clauses
e Mixed constructions with although or because
f Placement of adverbs
g Present participles and past participles
h Order of cumulative adjectives
31 Prepositions and idiomatic expressions [e-Pages]
a Prepositions showing time and place
b Noun (including -ing form) after a preposition
c Common adjective + preposition combinations
d Common verb + preposition combinations
Part VII Punctuation
32 The comma [e-Pages, LC]
a Independent clauses joined with and, but, etc.
b Introductory clauses or phrases
c Items in a series
d Coordinate adjectives
e Nonrestrictive elements
f Transitions, parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, contrasts
g Direct address, yes and no, interrogative tags, interjections
h he said, etc.
i Dates, addresses, titles, numbers
33 Unnecessary commas [e-Pages]
a Between two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses
b Between a verb and its subject or object
c Before the first or after the last item in a series
d Between cumulative adjectives, an adjective and a noun, or an adverb and an adjective
e Before and after restrictive or mildly parenthetical elements
f Before essential concluding adverbial elements
g After a phrase beginning an inverted sentence
h Other misuses
34 The semicolon [e-Pages]
a Independent clauses not joined with a coordinating conjunction
b Independent clauses linked with a transitional expression
c Series containing internal punctuation
d Misuses
35 The colon [e-Pages]
a Before a list, an appositive, a quotation, or a summary
b Conventional uses
c Misuses
36 The apostrophe [e-Pages, LC]
32 The comma [e-Pages, LC]
a Independent clauses joined with and, but, etc.
b Introductory clauses or phrases
c Items in a series
d Coordinate adjectives
e Nonrestrictive elements
f Transitions, parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, contrasts
g Direct address, yes and no, interrogative tags, interjections
h he said, etc.
i Dates, addresses, titles, numbers
33 Unnecessary commas [e-Pages]
a Between two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses
b Between a verb and its subject or object
c Before the first or after the last item in a series
d Between cumulative adjectives, an adjective and a noun, or an adverb and an adjective
e Before and after restrictive or mildly parenthetical elements
f Before essential concluding adverbial elements
g After a phrase beginning an inverted sentence
h Other misuses
34 The semicolon [e-Pages]
a Independent clauses not joined with a coordinating conjunction
b Independent clauses linked with a transitional expression
c Series containing internal punctuation
d Misuses
35 The colon [e-Pages]
a Before a list, an appositive, a quotation, or a summary
b Conventional uses
c Misuses
36 The apostrophe [e-Pages, LC]
a Possessive nouns
b Possessive indefinite pronouns
c Contractions
d Not for plural numbers, letters, abbreviations, words as words
e Misuses
37 Quotation marks [e-Pages]
a Direct quotations
b Quotation within a quotation
c Titles of works
d Words as words
e With other punctuation marks
f Misuses
38 End punctuation
a The period
b The question mark
c The exclamation point
39 Other punctuation marks [e-Pages]
a Dash
b Parentheses
c Brackets
d Ellipsis mark
e Slash
b Possessive indefinite pronouns
c Contractions
d Not for plural numbers, letters, abbreviations, words as words
e Misuses
37 Quotation marks [e-Pages]
a Direct quotations
b Quotation within a quotation
c Titles of works
d Words as words
e With other punctuation marks
f Misuses
38 End punctuation
a The period
b The question mark
c The exclamation point
39 Other punctuation marks [e-Pages]
a Dash
b Parentheses
c Brackets
d Ellipsis mark
e Slash
Part VIII Mechanics
40 Abbreviations [e-Pages]
a Titles with proper names
b Familiar abbreviations
c Conventional abbreviations
d Units of measurement
e Latin abbreviations
f Plural of abbreviations
g Misuses
41 Numbers [e-Pages]
a Spelling out
b Using numerals
42 Italics [e-Pages]
a Titles of works
b Names of spacecraft, aircraft, and ships
c Foreign words
d Words as words, letters as letters, and numbers as numbers
43 Spelling
a Spelling rules
b The dictionary
c Words that sound alike
d Commonly misspelled words
44 The hyphen [e-Pages]
a Compound words
b Hyphenated adjectives
c Fractions and compound numbers
d With certain prefixes and suffixes
e To avoid ambiguity or to separate awkward double or triple letters
f Word division
45 Capitalization [e-Pages, LC]
a Proper versus common nouns
b Titles with proper names
c Titles and subtitles of works
d First word of a sentence
e First word of a quoted sentence
f First word after a colon
g Abbreviations
40 Abbreviations [e-Pages]
a Titles with proper names
b Familiar abbreviations
c Conventional abbreviations
d Units of measurement
e Latin abbreviations
f Plural of abbreviations
g Misuses
41 Numbers [e-Pages]
a Spelling out
b Using numerals
42 Italics [e-Pages]
a Titles of works
b Names of spacecraft, aircraft, and ships
c Foreign words
d Words as words, letters as letters, and numbers as numbers
43 Spelling
a Spelling rules
b The dictionary
c Words that sound alike
d Commonly misspelled words
44 The hyphen [e-Pages]
a Compound words
b Hyphenated adjectives
c Fractions and compound numbers
d With certain prefixes and suffixes
e To avoid ambiguity or to separate awkward double or triple letters
f Word division
45 Capitalization [e-Pages, LC]
a Proper versus common nouns
b Titles with proper names
c Titles and subtitles of works
d First word of a sentence
e First word of a quoted sentence
f First word after a colon
g Abbreviations
Part IX Grammar Basics
46 Parts of speech [e-Pages, LC]
a Nouns
b Pronouns
c Verbs
d Adjectives
e Adverbs
f Prepositions
g Conjunctions
h Interjections
47 Sentence patterns [e-Pages]
a Subjects
b Verbs, objects, and complements
c Pattern variations
48 Subordinate word groups [e-Pages]
a Prepositional phrases
b Verbal phrases
c Appositive phrases
d Absolute phrases
e Subordinate clauses
49 Sentence types [e-Pages]
a Sentence structures
b Sentence purposes
46 Parts of speech [e-Pages, LC]
a Nouns
b Pronouns
c Verbs
d Adjectives
e Adverbs
f Prepositions
g Conjunctions
h Interjections
47 Sentence patterns [e-Pages]
a Subjects
b Verbs, objects, and complements
c Pattern variations
48 Subordinate word groups [e-Pages]
a Prepositional phrases
b Verbal phrases
c Appositive phrases
d Absolute phrases
e Subordinate clauses
49 Sentence types [e-Pages]
a Sentence structures
b Sentence purposes
Part X Researched Writing
50 Conducting research [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Join a research conversation
a Managing stress by managing the project
b Posing questions worth exploring
c Mapping out a search strategy
d Searching efficiently; mastering a few shortcuts to finding good sources
e Conducting field research, if appropriate
51 Managing information; taking notes responsibly [e-Pages]
a Maintaining a working bibliography
b Keeping track of source materials
c Avoiding unintentional plagiarism
52 Evaluating sources [e-Pages]
a Determining how sources might contribute to your writing
b Selecting sources worth your time and attention
c Selecting appropriate versions of online sources
d Reading with an open mind and a critical eye
e Assessing Web sources with care
f Constructing an annotated bibliography
Writing Guide: Annotated bibliography
50 Conducting research [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Join a research conversation
a Managing stress by managing the project
b Posing questions worth exploring
c Mapping out a search strategy
d Searching efficiently; mastering a few shortcuts to finding good sources
e Conducting field research, if appropriate
51 Managing information; taking notes responsibly [e-Pages]
a Maintaining a working bibliography
b Keeping track of source materials
c Avoiding unintentional plagiarism
52 Evaluating sources [e-Pages]
a Determining how sources might contribute to your writing
b Selecting sources worth your time and attention
c Selecting appropriate versions of online sources
d Reading with an open mind and a critical eye
e Assessing Web sources with care
f Constructing an annotated bibliography
Writing Guide: Annotated bibliography
Writing MLA papers
53 Supporting a thesis [e-Pages]
a Forming a working thesis
b Organizing ideas with a rough outline
c Using sources to inform and support your argument
d Drafting an introduction for your thesis
e Providing organizational cues
f Drafting the paper in an appropriate voice
54 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism [e-Pages]
a Understanding how the MLA system works
b Avoiding plagiarism when quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing sources
55 Integrating sources [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Provide context for sources
a Using quotations appropriately
b Using signal phrases to integrate sources
c Synthesizing sources
53 Supporting a thesis [e-Pages]
a Forming a working thesis
b Organizing ideas with a rough outline
c Using sources to inform and support your argument
d Drafting an introduction for your thesis
e Providing organizational cues
f Drafting the paper in an appropriate voice
54 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism [e-Pages]
a Understanding how the MLA system works
b Avoiding plagiarism when quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing sources
55 Integrating sources [e-Pages]
Becoming a college writer: Provide context for sources
a Using quotations appropriately
b Using signal phrases to integrate sources
c Synthesizing sources
56 MLA documentation style [e-Pages]
a MLA in-text citations
b MLA list of works cited
c MLA information notes (optional)
57 MLA manuscript format; sample research paper
a MLA manuscript format
b Sample MLA research paper
Writing guide: Research paper
a MLA in-text citations
b MLA list of works cited
c MLA information notes (optional)
57 MLA manuscript format; sample research paper
a MLA manuscript format
b Sample MLA research paper
Writing guide: Research paper
Writing APA papers
58 Supporting a thesis [e-Pages]
a Forming a working thesis
b Organizing your ideas
c Using sources to inform and support your argument
59 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism [e-Pages]
a Using the APA system for citing sources
b Avoiding plagiarism
60 Integrating sources [e-Pages]
a Using quotations appropriately
b Using signal phrases to integrate sources
c Synthesizing sources
61 APA documentation style [e-Pages]
a APA in-text citations
b APA list of references
62 APA manuscript format; sample research paper
a APA manuscript format
b Sample APA research paper
58 Supporting a thesis [e-Pages]
a Forming a working thesis
b Organizing your ideas
c Using sources to inform and support your argument
59 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism [e-Pages]
a Using the APA system for citing sources
b Avoiding plagiarism
60 Integrating sources [e-Pages]
a Using quotations appropriately
b Using signal phrases to integrate sources
c Synthesizing sources
61 APA documentation style [e-Pages]
a APA in-text citations
b APA list of references
62 APA manuscript format; sample research paper
a APA manuscript format
b Sample APA research paper
Writing Chicago papers
63 Chicago papers [e-Pages]
a Supporting a thesis
b Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism
c Integrating sources
d Chicago documentation style
e Chicago manuscript format
f Sample Chicago research paper
63 Chicago papers [e-Pages]
a Supporting a thesis
b Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism
c Integrating sources
d Chicago documentation style
e Chicago manuscript format
f Sample Chicago research paper
Part XI Writing in the Disciplines
64 Learning to write in a discipline
a Finding commonalities across disciplines
b Recognizing the questions that writers in a discipline ask
c Understanding the kinds of evidence that writers in a discipline use
d Becoming familiar with the discipline’s language conventions
e Using a discipline’s preferred citation style
65 Approaching writing assignments in the disciplines
a Writing in psychology
b Writing in business
c Writing in biology
d Writing in nursing
64 Learning to write in a discipline
a Finding commonalities across disciplines
b Recognizing the questions that writers in a discipline ask
c Understanding the kinds of evidence that writers in a discipline use
d Becoming familiar with the discipline’s language conventions
e Using a discipline’s preferred citation style
65 Approaching writing assignments in the disciplines
a Writing in psychology
b Writing in business
c Writing in biology
d Writing in nursing
APPENDIX: A Document Design Gallery
Authors
Diana Hacker
Diana Hacker personally class-tested her handbooks with nearly four thousand students over thirty-five years at Prince George’s Community College in Maryland, where she was a member of the English faculty. Hacker handbooks, built on innovation and on a keen understanding of the challenges facing student writers, are the most widely adopted in America. Hacker handbooks, all published by Bedford/St. Martin’s, include A Writer’s Reference, Ninth Edition (2018); A Pocket Style Manual, Eighth Edition (2018); The Bedford Handbook, Tenth Edition (2017); Rules for Writers, Eighth Edition (2016); and Writer’s Help 2.0, Hacker Version.
Nancy Sommers
Nancy Sommers, who has taught composition and directed composition programs for thirty years, now teaches in Harvard’s Graduate School of Education. She led Harvard’s Expository Writing Program for twenty years, directing the first-year writing program and establishing Harvard’s WAC program. A two-time Braddock Award winner, Sommers is well known for her research and publications on student writing. Her articles “Revision Strategies of Student and Experienced Writers” and “Responding to Student Writing” are two of the most widely read and anthologized articles in the field of composition. Recently she has been exploring different audiences through blogging and through publishing in popular media. Sommers is the lead author on Hacker handbooks, all published by Bedford/St. Martin’s, and is coauthor of Fields of Reading, Tenth Edition (2013).
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